Our proprietary “Star-Rating” system was developed to help you easily understand the amount of scientific support behind each supplement in relation to a specific health condition. While there is no way to predict whether a vitamin, mineral, or herb will successfully treat or prevent associated health conditions, our unique ratings tell you how well these supplements are understood by the medical community, and whether studies have found them to be effective for other people.

For over a decade, our team has combed through thousands of research articles published in reputable journals. To help you make educated decisions, and to better understand controversial or confusing supplements, our medical experts have digested the science into these three easy-to-follow ratings. We hope this provides you with a helpful resource to make informed decisions towards your health and well-being.

3 Stars Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

2 Stars Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

1 Star For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support.

This supplement has been used in connection with the following health conditions:

Used for	Why
2 Stars Tardive Dyskinesia For prevention: 15 mg daily while taking anti-psychotic medication; treat under a doctor's supervision: 60 mg daily	Supplementing with manganese may prevent onset or help reverse the condition. One doctor has found that administering the trace mineral manganese (15 mg per day) can prevent the development of TD and that higher amounts (up to 60 mg per day) can reverse TD that has already developed.¹ Other researchers have reported similar improvements with manganese.² ^{, 3}
1 Star Goiter 800 IU daily	Deficiencies of manganese can contribute to iodine-deficiency goiter. Supplementing with manganese may help. When iodine deficiency is present, other nutrient levels become important in the development of goiter. Deficiencies of zinc ⁴ and manganese ⁵ can both contribute to iodine-deficiency goiter; however, an animal study found that manganese excess can also be goitrogenic.⁶ It has been suggested that selenium deficiency may contribute to goiter.⁷ However, when selenium supplements were given to people deficient in both iodine and selenium, thyroid dysfunction was aggravated, and it has been suggested that selenium deficiency may provide some protection when there is iodine deficiency.⁸ ^{, 9} A study of the effects of selenium supplementation at 100 mcg daily in women without selenium deficiency but with slightly low iodine intake found no effect on thyroid function.¹⁰ The authors concluded that selenium supplementation seems to be safe in people with only iodine deficiency but not in people with combined selenium and iodine deficiencies. In those cases, iodine supplementation has been shown to be most useful.¹¹ No studies have been done to evaluate the usefulness of supplementation with zinc or manganese to prevent or treat goiter.
1 Star Hypoglycemia Refer to label instructions	Manganese helps control blood sugar levels in diabetics, and since there are similarities in the way the body regulates high and low blood sugar levels, it might be helpful for hypoglycemia as well. Research has shown that supplementing with chromium (200 mcg per day)¹² or magnesium (340 mg per day)¹³ can prevent blood sugar levels from falling excessively in people with hypoglycemia. Niacinamide (vitamin B3) has also been found to be helpful for hypoglycemic people.¹⁴ Other nutrients, including vitamin C , vitamin E , zinc , copper , manganese , and vitamin B6 , may help control blood sugar levels in diabetics .¹⁵ Since there are similarities in the way the body regulates high and low blood sugar levels, these nutrients might be helpful for hypoglycemia as well, although the amounts needed for that purpose are not known.
1 Star Osgood-Schlatter Disease (Vitamin B6, Zinc) Refer to label instructions	Some doctors have reported good results using a combination of zinc, manganese, and vitamin B6 for people with Osgood-Schlatter disease. Another group of doctors has reported good results using a combination of zinc , manganese , and vitamin B6 for people with Osgood-Schlatter disease; however, the amounts of these supplements were not mentioned in the report.¹⁶ Most physicians would consider reasonable daily amounts of these nutrients for adolescents to be 15 mg of zinc, 5 to 10 mg of manganese, and 25 mg of vitamin B6. Larger amounts might be used with medical supervision.
1 Star Osteoporosis Refer to label instructions	A combination of minerals including manganese was reported to halt bone loss in one study. Some doctors recommend manganese to people concerned with bone mass maintenance. Interest in the effect of manganese and bone health began when famed basketball player Bill Walton’s repeated fractures were halted with manganese supplementation.¹⁷ A subsequent, unpublished study reported manganese deficiency in a small group of osteoporotic women.¹⁸ Since then, a combination of minerals including manganese was reported to halt bone loss.¹⁹ However, no human trial has investigated the effect of manganese supplementation alone on bone mass. Nonetheless, some doctors recommend 10 to 20 mg of manganese per day to people concerned with maintenance of bone mass. One trial studying postmenopausal women combined hormone replacement therapy with magnesium (600 mg per day), calcium (500 mg per day), vitamin C , B vitamins , vitamin D, zinc, copper, manganese, boron , and other nutrients for an eight- to nine-month period.²⁰ In addition, participants were told to avoid processed foods, limit protein intake, emphasize vegetable over animal protein, and limit consumption of salt, sugar, alcohol, coffee, tea, chocolate, and tobacco. Bone density increased a remarkable 11%, compared to only 0.7% in women receiving hormone replacement alone.
1 Star Sprains and Strains Refer to label instructions	Trace minerals, such as manganese, are known to be important in the biochemistry of tissue healing. Zinc is a component of many enzymes, including some that are needed to repair wounds. Even a mild deficiency of zinc can interfere with optimal recovery from everyday tissue damage as well as from more serious trauma.²¹ Trace minerals, such as manganese , copper , and silicon are also known to be important in the biochemistry of tissue healing.²² ^{, 23} ^{, 24} ^{, 25} However, there have been no controlled studies of people with sprains or strains to explore the effect of deficiency of these minerals, or of oral supplementation, on the rate of healing.
1 Star Type 1 Diabetes Refer to label instructions	People with diabetes may have low manganese levels, which can contribute to glucose intolerance. Supplementing with the mineral may help. People with diabetes may have low blood levels of manganese.²⁶ Animal research suggests that manganese deficiency can contribute to glucose intolerance and may be reversed by supplementation.²⁷ A young adult with insulin-dependent diabetes who received oral manganese (3 to 5 mg per day as manganese chloride) reportedly experienced a significant fall in blood glucose, sometimes to dangerously low levels. In three other people with type 1 diabetes, manganese supplementation had no effect on blood glucose levels.²⁸ People with type 1 diabetes wishing to supplement with manganese should do so only with a doctor’s close supervision.
1 Star Type 2 Diabetes Refer to label instructions	People with diabetes may have low manganese levels, which can contribute to glucose intolerance. Supplementing with the mineral may help. People with diabetes may have low blood levels of manganese.²⁹ Animal research suggests that manganese deficiency can contribute to glucose intolerance and may be reversed by supplementation.³⁰ A young adult with insulin-dependent diabetes who received oral manganese chloride (3 to 5 mg per day as manganese chloride) reportedly experienced a significant fall in blood glucose, sometimes to dangerously low levels. In four other cases, manganese supplementation had no effect on blood glucose levels.³¹ People with diabetes wishing to supplement with manganese should do so only with a doctor’s supervision.

How It Works

How to Use It

Whether most people would benefit from manganese supplementation remains unclear. While there is no recommended dietary allowance, the National Research Council’s “estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake” is 2–5 mg.³² The Institute of Medicine recommends that intake of manganese from food, water and dietary supplements should not exceed the tolerable daily upper limit of 11 mg per day. In contrast, the 5–15 mg often found in high-potency multivitamin-mineral supplements is generally considered to be a reasonable level by many doctors, though many manufacturers are likely to reformulate their products to contain no more than 11 mg per daily amount.

Where to Find It

Nuts and seeds, wheat germ, wheat bran, leafy green vegetables, beet tops, tea, and pineapple are all good sources of manganese.

Possible Deficiencies

Many people consume less than the 2–5 mg of manganese currently considered safe and adequate. Nonetheless, clear deficiencies are rare. People with osteoporosis sometimes have low blood levels of manganese, suggestive of deficiency.³³

Interactions

Interactions with Supplements, Foods, & Other Compounds

Several minerals, such as calcium and iron , and possibly zinc , reduce the absorption of manganese.³⁴ Of these interactions, the link to iron may be the most important. In one study, women with high iron status had relatively poor absorption of manganese.³⁵ In another report of manganese/iron interactions in women, increased intake of “non-heme iron”—the kind of iron found in most supplements—decreased manganese status.³⁶ These interactions suggest that taking multi-minerals that include manganese may protect against manganese deficiencies that might otherwise be triggered by taking isolated mineral supplements, particularly iron.

Interactions with Medicines

Certain medicines interact with this supplement.

What Are Drug Interactions

Types of interactions: Beneficial Adverse Check

Replenish Depleted Nutrients

none

Reduce Side Effects

none

Support Medicine

none

Reduces Effectiveness

Ciprofloxacin

Minerals such as aluminum, calcium , copper , iron , magnesium , manganese , and zinc can bind to ciprofloxacin, greatly reducing the absorption of the drug.³⁷ ^{, 38} ^{, 39} ^{, 40} Because of the mineral content, people are advised to take ciprofloxacin two hours after consuming dairy products (milk, cheese, yogurt, ice cream, and others), antacids (Maalox®, Mylanta®, Tums®, Rolaids®, and others), and mineral-containing supplements.⁴¹

Potential Negative Interaction

none

Explanation Required

Desogestrel-Ethinyl Estradiol

A review of literature suggests that women who use OCs may experience decreased vitamin B1 , B2 , B3 , B12 , C , and zinc levels.⁴² ^{, 43} ^{, 44} OC use has been associated with increased absorption of calcium and copper and with increased blood levels of copper and vitamin A .⁴⁵ ^{, 46} ^{, 47} OCs may interfere with manganese absorption.⁴⁸ The clinical importance of these actions remains unclear.
Ethinyl Estradiol and Levonorgestrel

A review of literature suggests that women who use oral contraceptives may experience decreased vitamin B1 , B2 , B3 , B12 , C , and zinc levels.⁴⁹ ^{, 50} ^{, 51} Oral contraceptive use has been associated with increased absorption of calcium and copper and with increased blood levels of copper and vitamin A .⁵² ^{, 53} ^{, 54} Oral contraceptives may interfere with manganese absorption.⁵⁵ The clinical importance of these actions remains unclear.

The interaction is supported by preliminary, weak, fragmentary, and/or contradictory scientific evidence.
Ethinyl Estradiol and Norethindrone

A review of literature suggests that women who use OCs may experience decreased vitamin B1 , B2 , B3 , B12 , C , and zinc levels.⁵⁶ ^{, 57} ^{, 58} OC use has been associated with increased absorption of calcium and copper and with increased blood levels of copper and vitamin A .⁵⁹ ^{, 60} ^{, 61} OCs may interfere with manganese absorption.⁶² The clinical importance of these actions remains unclear.
Ethinyl Estradiol and Norgestimate
Ethinyl Estradiol and Norgestrel

A review of literature suggests that women who use OCs may experience decreased vitamin B1 , B2 , B3 , B12 , C , and zinc levels.⁶³ ^{, 64} ^{, 65} OC use has been associated with increased absorption of calcium and copper and with increased blood levels of copper and vitamin A .⁶⁶ ^{, 67} ^{, 68} OCs may interfere with manganese absorption.⁶⁹ The clinical importance of these actions remains unclear.
Levonorgestrel

A review of literature suggests that women who use OCs may experience decreased vitamin B1 , B2 , B3 , B12 , C , and zinc levels.⁷⁰ ^{, 71} ^{, 72} OC use has been associated with increased absorption of calcium and copper and with increased blood levels of copper and vitamin A .⁷³ ^{, 74} ^{, 75} OCs may interfere with manganese absorption.⁷⁶ The clinical importance of these actions remains unclear.
Levonorgestrel-Ethinyl Estrad

A review of literature suggests that women who use OCs may experience decreased vitamin B1 , B2 , B3 , B12 , C , and zinc levels.⁷⁷ ^{, 78} ^{, 79} OC use has been associated with increased absorption of calcium and copper and with increased blood levels of copper and vitamin A .⁸⁰ ^{, 81} ^{, 82} OCs may interfere with manganese absorption.⁸³ The clinical importance of these actions remains unclear.
Mestranol and Norethindrone

A review of literature suggests that women who use OCs may experience decreased vitamin B1 , B2 , B3 , B12 , C , and zinc levels.⁸⁴ ^{, 85} ^{, 86} OC use has been associated with increased absorption of calcium and copper and with increased blood levels of copper and vitamin A .⁸⁷ ^{, 88} ^{, 89} OCs may interfere with manganese absorption.⁹⁰ The clinical importance of these actions remains unclear.
Norgestimate-Ethinyl Estradiol

A review of literature suggests that women who use OCs may experience decreased vitamin B1 , B2 , B3 , B12 , C , and zinc levels.⁹¹ ^{, 92} ^{, 93} OC use has been associated with increased absorption of calcium and copper and with increased blood levels of copper and vitamin A .⁹⁴ ^{, 95} ^{, 96} OCs may interfere with manganese absorption.⁹⁷ The clinical importance of these actions remains unclear.

The Drug-Nutrient Interactions table may not include every possible interaction. Taking medicines with meals, on an empty stomach, or with alcohol may influence their effects. For details, refer to the manufacturers’ package information as these are not covered in this table. If you take medications, always discuss the potential risks and benefits of adding a supplement with your doctor or pharmacist.

Side Effects

Amounts found in supplements (5–20 mg) have not been linked with any toxicity. Excessive intake of manganese rarely lead to psychiatric symptoms. However, most reports of manganese toxicity in otherwise healthy people have been in those people who chronically inhaled manganese dust at their jobs e.g., miners or alloy plant workers. Other sources of manganese intoxication are now recognized, including total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in patients who are being fed intravenously⁹⁸ ^{, 99} ^{, 100} and pesticides containing manganese in agricultural workers who have been exposed.¹⁰¹

Preliminary research suggests that people with cirrhosis ¹⁰² or cholestasis (blocked bile flow from the gall bladder)¹⁰³ may not be able to properly excrete manganese. Until more is known, these people should not supplement manganese. Manganese supplementation (3–5 mg per day) has caused severe hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) in a person with insulin -dependent diabetes .¹⁰⁴ People with diabetes who want to take manganese should consult their doctor.

References

1. Kunin RA. Manganese in dyskinesias. Am J Psychiatry 1976;133:105.

2. Norris JP, Sams RE. More on the use of manganese in dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatry 1997;134:1448.

3. Hoffer A. Tardive dyskinesia treated with manganese. Can Med Assoc J 1977;117:859.

4. Ozata M, Salk M, Aydin A, et al. Iodine and zinc, but not selenium and copper, deficiency exists in a male Turkish population with endemic goiter. Biol Trace Elem Res 1999;69:211–6.

5. Kawada J, Nishida M, Yoshimura Y, Yamashita K. Manganese ion as a goitrogen in the female mouse. Endocrinol Jpn 1985;32:635–43.

6. Kawada J, Nishida M, Yoshimura Y, Yamashita K. Manganese ion as a goitrogen in the female mouse. Endocrinol Jpn 1985;32:635–43.

7. Untoro J, Ruz M, Gross R. Low environmental selenium availability as an additional determinant for goiter in East Java, Indonesia? Biol Trace Elem Res 1999;70:127–36.

8. Corvilain B, Contempre B, Longombe AO, et al. Selenium and the thyroid: how the relationship was established. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;57:244S–248S [review].

9. Vanderpas JB, Contempre B, Duale NL, et al. Selenium deficiency mitigates hypothyroxinemia in iodine-deficient subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1993 Feb;57(2 Suppl):271S–275S [review].

10. Roti E, Minelli R, Gardini E, et al. Selenium administration does not cause thyroid insufficiency in subjects with mild iodine deficiency and sufficient selenium intake. J Endocrinol Invest 1993;7:481–4.

11. Zimmermann MB, Adou P, Torresani T, et al. Effect of oral iodized oil on thyroid size and thyroid hormone metabolism in children with concurrent selenium and iodine deficiency. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;3:209–13.

12. Anderson RA et al. Chromium supplementation of humans with hypoglycemia. Fed Proc 1984;43:471.

13. Stebbing JB et al. Reactive hypoglycemia and magnesium. Magnesium Bull 1982;2:131–4.

14. Shansky A. Vitamin B3 in the alleviation of hypoglycemia. Drug Cosm Ind 1981;129(4):68–69,104–5.

15. Gaby AR, Wright JV. Nutritional regulation of blood glucose. J Advancement Med 1991;4:57–71.

16. Aston B. Manganese and man. J Orthomolec Psychiatry 1980;9:237–49.

17. Gold M. Basketball bones. Science 1980;80:101–2.

18. Raloff J. Reasons for boning up on manganese. Science News 1986;Sep 27:199 [review].

19. Strause L, Saltman P, Smith KT, et al. Spinal bone loss in postmenopausal women supplemented with calcium and trace minerals. J Nutr 1994;124:1060–4.

20. Abraham GE, Grewal H. A total dietary program emphasizing magnesium instead of calcium. J Reprod Med 1990;35:503–7.

21. Sandstead HH. Understanding zinc: Recent observations and interpretations. J Lab Clin Med 1994;124:322–7.

22. Tenaud I, Sainte-Marie I, Jumbou O, et al. In vitro modulation of keratinocyte wound healing integrins by zinc, copper and manganese. Br J Dermatol 1999;140:26–34.

23. Pereira CE, Felcman J. Correlation between five minerals and the healing effect of Brazilian medicinal plants. Biol Trace Elem Res 1998;65:251–9.

24. Carlisle EM. Silicon as an essential trace element in animal nutrition. Ciba Found Symp 1986;121:123–39.

25. Leach RM. Role of manganese in mucopolysaccharide metabolism. Fed Proc 1971;30:991.

26. Kosenko LG. Concentration of trace elements in the blood of patients with diabetes mellitus. Fed Proc Transl (Suppl) 1965;24:237–8.

27. Baly DL, Schneiderman JS, Garcia-Welsh AL. Effect of manganese deficiency on insulin binding, glucose transport and metabolism in rat adipocytes. J Nutr 1990;120:1075–9.

28. Rubenstein AH, Levin NW, Elliott GA. Hypoglycaemia induced by manganese. Nature(London) 1962;194:188–9.

29. Kosenko LG. Concentration of trace elements in the blood of patients with diabetes mellitus. Fed Proc Transl (Suppl) 1965;24:237–8.

30. Baly DL, Schneiderman JS, Garcia-Welsh AL. Effect of manganese deficiency on insulin binding, glucose transport and metabolism in rat adipocytes. J Nutr 1990;120:1075–9.

31. Rubenstein AH, Levin NW, Elliott GA. Hypoglycaemia induced by manganese. Nature (London) 1962;194:188–9.

32. National Research Council. Recommended Dietary Allowances. 10th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989.

33. Raloff J. Reasons for boning up on manganese. Science 1986;130:199 [review].

34. Freeland-Graves JH. Manganese: an essential nutrient for humans. Nutr Today 1989;23:13–9 [review].

35. Finley JW. Manganese absorption and retention by young women is associated with serum ferritin concentration. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:37–43.

36. Davis CD, Malecki EA, Gerger JL. Interactions among dietary manganese, heme iron, and nonheme iron in women. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:926–32.

37. Campbell NR, Hasinoff BB. Iron supplements: A common cause of drug interactions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1991;31:251–5.

38. Lim D, McKay M. Food-drug interactions. Drug Information Bull 1995;15(2) [review].

39. Threlkeld DS, ed. Systemic Anti-Infectives, Fluoroquinolones. In Facts and Comparisons Drug Information. St. Louis, MO: Facts and Comparisons, Feb 1994, 340n–40o.

40. Holt GA. Food & Drug Interactions. Chicago: Precept Press, 1998, 74.

41. Threlkeld DS, ed. Systemic Anti-Infectives, Fluoroquinolones. In Facts and Comparisons Drug Information. St. Louis, MO: Facts and Comparisons, Feb 1994, 340n–40o.

42. Werbach MR. Foundations of Nutritional Medicine. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1997, 210–1 [review].

43. Wynn V. Vitamins and oral contraceptive use. Lancet 1975;1:561–4.

44. Holt GA. Food & Drug Interaction. Chicago: Precept Press, 1998, 197–8.

45. Werbach MR. Foundations of Nutritional Medicine. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1997, 210–1 [review].

46. Wynn V. Vitamins and oral contraceptive use. Lancet 1975;1:561–4.

47. Berg G, Kohlmeier L, Brenner H. Effect of oral contraceptive progestins on serum copper concentration. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998;52:711–5.

48. Holt GA. Food & Drug Interaction. Chicago: Precept Press, 1998, 197.

49. Werbach MR. Foundations of Nutritional Medicine. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1997, 210–1 [review].

50. Wynn V. Vitamins and oral contraceptive use. Lancet 1975;1:561–4.

51. Holt GA. Food & Drug Interaction. Chicago: Precept Press, 1998, 197–8.

52. Werbach MR. Foundations of Nutritional Medicine. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1997, 210–1 [review].

53. Wynn V. Vitamins and oral contraceptive use. Lancet 1975;1:561–4.

54. Berg G, Kohlmeier L, Brenner H. Effect of oral contraceptive progestins on serum copper concentration. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998;52:711–5.

55. Holt GA. Food & Drug Interaction. Chicago: Precept Press, 1998, 197.

56. Werbach MR. Foundations of Nutritional Medicine. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1997, 210–1 [review].

57. Wynn V. Vitamins and oral contraceptive use. Lancet 1975;1:561–4.

58. Holt GA. Food & Drug Interaction. Chicago: Precept Press, 1998, 197–8.

59. Werbach MR. Foundations of Nutritional Medicine. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1997, 210–1 [review].

60. Wynn V. Vitamins and oral contraceptive use. Lancet 1975;1:561–4.

61. Berg G, Kohlmeier L, Brenner H. Effect of oral contraceptive progestins on serum copper concentration. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998;52:711–5.

62. Holt GA. Food & Drug Interaction. Chicago: Precept Press, 1998, 197.

63. Werbach MR. Foundations of Nutritional Medicine. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1997, 210–1 [review].

64. Wynn V. Vitamins and oral contraceptive use. Lancet 1975;1:561–4.

65. Holt GA. Food & Drug Interaction. Chicago: Precept Press, 1998, 197–8.

66. Werbach MR. Foundations of Nutritional Medicine. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1997, 210–1 [review].

67. Wynn V. Vitamins and oral contraceptive use. Lancet 1975;1:561–4.

68. Berg G, Kohlmeier L, Brenner H. Effect of oral contraceptive progestins on serum copper concentration. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998;52:711–5.

69. Holt GA. Food & Drug Interaction. Chicago: Precept Press, 1998, 197.

70. Werbach MR. Foundations of Nutritional Medicine. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1997, 210–1 [review].

71. Wynn V. Vitamins and oral contraceptive use. Lancet 1975;1:561–4.

72. Holt GA. Food & Drug Interaction. Chicago: Precept Press, 1998, 197–8.

73. Werbach MR. Foundations of Nutritional Medicine. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1997, 210–1 [review].

74. Wynn V. Vitamins and oral contraceptive use. Lancet 1975;1:561–4.

75. Berg G, Kohlmeier L, Brenner H. Effect of oral contraceptive progestins on serum copper concentration. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998;52:711–5.

76. Holt GA. Food & Drug Interaction. Chicago: Precept Press, 1998, 197.

77. Werbach MR. Foundations of Nutritional Medicine. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1997, 210–1 [review].

78. Wynn V. Vitamins and oral contraceptive use. Lancet 1975;1:561–4.

79. Holt GA. Food & Drug Interaction. Chicago: Precept Press, 1998, 197–8.

80. Werbach MR. Foundations of Nutritional Medicine. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1997, 210–1 [review].

81. Wynn V. Vitamins and oral contraceptive use. Lancet 1975;1:561–4.

82. Berg G, Kohlmeier L, Brenner H. Effect of oral contraceptive progestins on serum copper concentration. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998;52:711–5.

83. Holt GA. Food & Drug Interaction. Chicago: Precept Press, 1998, 197.

84. Werbach MR. Foundations of Nutritional Medicine. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1997, 210–1 [review].

85. Wynn V. Vitamins and oral contraceptive use. Lancet 1975;1:561–4.

86. Holt GA. Food & Drug Interaction. Chicago: Precept Press, 1998, 197–8.

87. Werbach MR. Foundations of Nutritional Medicine. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1997, 210–1 [review].

88. Wynn V. Vitamins and oral contraceptive use. Lancet 1975;1:561–4.

89. Berg G, Kohlmeier L, Brenner H. Effect of oral contraceptive progestins on serum copper concentration. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998;52:711–5.

90. Holt GA. Food & Drug Interaction. Chicago: Precept Press, 1998, 197.

91. Werbach MR. Foundations of Nutritional Medicine. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1997, 210–1 [review].

92. Wynn V. Vitamins and oral contraceptive use. Lancet 1975;1:561–4.

93. Holt GA. Food & Drug Interaction. Chicago: Precept Press, 1998, 197–8.

94. Werbach MR. Foundations of Nutritional Medicine. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1997, 210–1 [review].

95. Wynn V. Vitamins and oral contraceptive use. Lancet 1975;1:561–4.

96. Berg G, Kohlmeier L, Brenner H. Effect of oral contraceptive progestins on serum copper concentration. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998;52:711–5.

97. Holt GA. Food & Drug Interaction. Chicago: Precept Press, 1998, 197.

98. Nagatomo S, Umehara F, Hanada K, et al. Manganese intoxication during total parenteral nutrition: report of two cases and review of the literature. J Neurol Sci 1999;162:102–5.

99. Ejima A, Imamura T, Nakamura S, et al. Manganese intoxication during total parenteral nutrition. Lancet 1992;339:426 [letter].

100. Fell JM, Reynolds AP, Meadows N, et al. Manganese toxicity in children receiving long-term parenteral nutrition. Lancet 1996;347:1218–21.

101. Ferraz HB, Bertolucci PH, Pereira JS, et al. Chronic exposure to the fungicide maneb may produce symptoms and signs of CNS manganese intoxication. Neurology 1988;38:550–3.

102. Krieger D, Krieger S, Jansen O, et al. Manganese and chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Lancet 1995;346:270–4.

103. Staunton M, Phelan DM. Manganese toxicity in a patient with cholestasis receiving total parenteral nutrition. Anaesthesia 1995;50:665.

104. Rubenstein AH, Levin NW, Elliott GA. Hypoglycaemia induced by manganese. Nature (London) 1962;194:188–9.

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Last Review: 11-07-2012

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The information presented in Aisle7 is for informational purposes only. It is based on scientific studies (human, animal, or in vitro), clinical experience, or traditional usage as cited in each article. The results reported may not necessarily occur in all individuals. For many of the conditions discussed, treatment with prescription or over the counter medication is also available. Consult your doctor, practitioner, and/or pharmacist for any health problem and before using any supplements or before making any changes in prescribed medications. Information expires June 2013.

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Complementary Medicine - Cam

Topic Contents

Manganese

Uses

This supplement has been used in connection with the following health conditions:

How It Works

How to Use It

Where to Find It

Possible Deficiencies

Interactions

Interactions with Supplements, Foods, & Other Compounds

Interactions with Medicines

Replenish Depleted Nutrients

Reduce Side Effects

Support Medicine

Reduces Effectiveness

Potential Negative Interaction

Explanation Required

Side Effects

Side Effects

Related Information

References